Four dials, and one formula
For a given year of treatment, the policy pays the bill less the deductible, multiplied by the reimbursement percentage, capped by the annual limit: reimbursement = (bill − deductible) × share, up to the limit. What is left of the bill, plus the premiums for the year, is what the policy costs you that year. Paying the vet directly costs the whole bill.
On the sample policy on this page — $46 a month, a $250 deductible, 80 percent reimbursement and a $10,000 annual limit — a $1,500 year of treatment is reimbursed at $1,000, so the year costs $1,452 with the policy (including $400 of routine care you pay either way) against $1,900 without it. The same policy on a $20,000 year pays out its $10,000 limit and saves about $9,400.